The First Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree: A Great Depression Story
Updated: Sep 19
It is one of the most recognizable images in the world — a towering Norway spruce ablaze with light, anchoring the midpoint of Midtown Manhattan every December. But the story of how the Rockefeller Center Christmas tree began is nothing like the spectacle it became. It began, instead, with a group of men who had almost nothing, choosing to celebrate anyway.
The First Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree in 1931
In the depths of the Great Depression, construction workers broke ground on Rockefeller Center — a massive, ambitious building project that put thousands of New Yorkers to work at a moment when work was desperately scarce.
By 1931, city records show that New York City was experiencing mass unemployment on an unprecedented scale, with contemporary estimates placing the number of unemployed New Yorkers between roughly 640,000 and 750,000. At the Depression’s peak a few years later, about one-third of NYC workers were unemployed, while more than 1.25 million New Yorkers were receiving relief assistance.
On Christmas Eve of 1931, those workers did something spontaneous and quietly extraordinary: they chipped in their own money, pooled what little they had, and erected a small balsam fir tree in the mud at the construction site. Most of the workers’ names were never recorded — they were construction workers, not celebrities, and that was precisely the point. However, descendants have identified construction foreman Cesidio Perruzza as one of the men behind the collection that purchased the tree.
It was twenty feet tall. The workers decorated it with homemade garlands—some fashioned from the tinfoil ends of blasting caps used at the construction site—and whatever modest materials they could find.
There is something almost unbearably moving about the image, once you know it. These were men who had survived the crash of 1929, who had watched neighbors and colleagues lose everything, who were earning wages that barely covered rent. And they chose, on Christmas Eve, to make something beautiful.
Rockefeller Center’s First Official Tree Lighting in 1933
Two years later, in 1933, Rockefeller Center made the tradition official with a roughly 50-foot tree illuminated by approximately 700 lights.
The tree grew in scale year by year. By the 1940s it was drawing tens of thousands of spectators. By the television era in the 1950's, the Rockefeller Center Christmas tree lighting had become a national event — one of the first major live broadcasts to define the holiday season for Americans across the country.
How Television Made the Rockefeller Tree a National Tradition
In 1951, the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree crossed an important threshold: it stopped being merely a New York City spectacle and became a national ritual. That year, the lighting ceremony was broadcast coast-to-coast on NBC’s hugely popular The Kate Smith Show, bringing the image of the glowing Manhattan tree into millions of American living rooms for the first time.
The timing mattered enormously. America was emerging from the austerity of World War II and entering the optimistic boom years of the 1950s. Television ownership was exploding nationwide — by the early 1950s, TV sets were rapidly replacing radios as the centerpiece of American family entertainment. Rockefeller Center suddenly had a medium capable of transforming a local civic tradition into shared national theater.
Before 1951, the tree was primarily something New Yorkers experienced in person: construction workers, Midtown office employees, churchgoers, tourists, and families gathering beneath the lights in Manhattan. After the NBC broadcast, Americans from small towns in Iowa to suburbs in California could participate in the same holiday moment simultaneously. The tree became not just New York’s Christmas tree, but effectively America’s Christmas tree.
The association with Kate Smith also amplified the ceremony’s emotional resonance. Smith was one of the most recognizable media personalities of the era, famous for her patriotic image and performances like “God Bless America.” Her involvement framed the tree lighting as more than entertainment — it became a symbol of postwar American unity, prosperity, and tradition.
In many ways, 1951 was the moment Rockefeller Center ceased being simply an architectural landmark and became a permanent piece of American cultural mythology. What began in 1931 as a modest 20-foot tree funded by Depression-era construction workers evolved, through the power of television, into one of the country’s most enduring holiday traditions.
Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree History: Major Milestones
Year | What Changed | Tree Details | Historical Context |
1931 | The very first Rockefeller Center Christmas tree was erected by Depression-era construction workers on Christmas Eve. | 20-foot balsam fir decorated with paper garlands, cranberries, and tin cans. (Rockefeller Center) | Workers building Rockefeller Center under Starrett Bros. & Eken pooled their own money during the Great Depression. |
1933 | Rockefeller Center introduced the first official public tree lighting ceremony. | About 50 feet tall with roughly 700 lights. (Wikipedia) | The tree became a formal civic holiday attraction as NYC struggled through the Depression. |
1941 | The display expanded into a larger holiday spectacle before wartime austerity changed traditions. | 83-foot Norway spruce with illuminated reindeer decorations. (Wikipedia) | America was on the brink of entering World War II. |
1951 | The tree lighting entered the television age. | 82-foot Norway spruce. (Wikipedia) | The ceremony was televised nationally for the first time on The Kate Smith Show. (Time) |
1961 | The trees of the 1960s grew larger and increasingly elaborate. | Trees during this era regularly exceeded 70 feet. (People.com) | Rockefeller Center was becoming an internationally recognized Christmas destination. |
1971 | Rockefeller Center began recycling trees after the season ended. | 65-foot balsam fir from Vermont. (People.com) | The tree was turned into mulch for environmental reuse — an early sustainability initiative. |
1981 | Modern lighting and logistics transformed the event into a massive production. | Trees commonly reached 70–75 feet. | National TV audiences and tourism surged during the 1980s. |
1999 | The tree became a global media symbol of New York holidays. | A 100-foot tree becomes the tallest in the tradition’s history. | Rockefeller Center holiday broadcasts worldwide. |
2001 | The tree took on symbolic importance after 9/11. | Decorated in patriotic red, white, and blue themes. (Wikipedia) | The tree became a symbol of resilience and unity in post-9/11 New York. |
2007 | Amidst concerns about waste, the tree becomes part of renewal. | The lumber is donated to Habitat for Humanity. | LED technology dramatically increased brightness while reducing energy use. |
2018 | Social media turned the tree into a global digital event. | The current Swarovski star, designed by Daniel Libeskind, debuts. | Millions viewed the tree online in addition to in person. |
What the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Still Represents
The tourists who crowd Fifth Avenue in December to photograph the tree are not wrong to find it beautiful. But they're missing the deeper layer. This is not a tree about wealth or spectacle. It began as an act of communal resilience — a refusal, in the darkest of times, to let the season pass without acknowledgment.
That original spirit — the tin cans and cranberries, the construction workers pooling coins — is still present if you know where to look for it. It's in the tree lot vendors who travel from Vermont every November to set up on street corners. It's in the families who make the pilgrimage every year not because they have to, but because it connects them to something larger than themselves.
The Christmas spirit of New York City was not born in luxury. It was born in a muddy construction lot in 1931, among men who had very little and gave what they had. That's the story worth telling.
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